Introduction
Cancer is considered as one of the most dreadful maladies and still stands as formidable challenge to the ingenuity of human mind to decipher its cause with precision and thereby find an effective way of treatment. Gastric carcinoma is the 5th most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer related death in the world.1 In India it ranks as the 5th most common malignancy in males and 7th most common in females. Gastric carcinoma is the second leading cause of death in both sexes.2 Scientists in their persistent effort to probe into the cause of cancer have made significant inroads into the phenomena and are on the road to success to decipher its cause and find a cure. Continuous efforts are put to identify certain specific biological markers that could help in diagnosing the disease early and also help in improving the targeted therapy. Markers like HER2, E -cadherin, EGFR etc. are currently used to evaluate prognosis of disease.3, 4
HER2 is a proto-oncogene, located in chromosome 17q21. It encodes a transmembrane protein having tyrosine kinase activity. It is also known as ERBB2 and CerbB2. It regulates signal transduction pathway causing cell growth and differentiation.5 It is a member of epidermal growth factor receptor family. Accurate evaluation of expression of HER2 protein can be a help to identify eligible candidates for new targeted therapy.6
As we all know, prevention is better than cure, so we can use some preventive measures or some therapies to prevent and cure gastric carcinoma. There are several causative agents of gastric carcinoma like H. pylori, salt and food preserved with salt, obesity, smoking, alcohol, serum cholesterol level and HbA1c level.7 Among all the causes, H. pylori is the most important causal factor. Stomach was thought to be a virtual desert for microbes because of its high acidity. However, among all species of bacteria, H. pylori lives in stomach. It was the first bacteria observed to behave as carcinogen. H. pylori can initiate precancerous lesion like atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Further progression to dysplasia and carcinoma no longer require the presence of H. pylori.8
Aims and Objectives
To study HER2/neu expression in cases of adenocarcinoma of stomach
Correlating HER2/neu expression with clinicopathological features like-
To find out frequency of H pylori infection in adenocarcinoma of stomach by IHC.
To find out frequency of H pylori positivity in gastric cancer patients showing HER2 expression.
Materials and Methods
The present study was conducted in the department of Pathology for a period of two years (from July 2017 to June 2019) . Approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee was taken for the study.
Inclusion criteria
Histologically diagnosed cases of adenocarcinoma by routine H&E of subtotal and partial gastrectomy specimen and endoscopic biopsy from stomach were included in the study.
Exclusion criteria
Patients who had received chemotherapy.
There were 78 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma out of which, 58 were endoscopy guided biopsies and 20 were gastrectomies. Specimens were routinely processed and fixed overnight in 10% buffered formalin. Grossing of the specimens were done as per the AJCC guidelines. Four to five micrometer thick formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumor sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Histological typing was done according to Lauren classification & histologic grading was done according to World Health Organization classification.
In our study, we have classified gastric cancer accoring to Lauren classification.
Intestinal type 2 Diffuse type
Microscopic grades as per WHO guidelines:
Gx - Grade cannot be assessed.
G1 - well differentiated adenocarcinoma - >95% gland formation in tumor tissue.
G2 - Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma - 50-95% gland formation in tumor tissue.
G3 - Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma - <50% gland formation in tumor tissues.
The sections were then stained with HER2 and H.pylori antibody separately and were studied. Immunohistochemistry scoring for HER2 expression was done for biopsy and gastrectomy specimens as given in table 1.9
Results
Total number of 78 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma were studied. The age range of patients was from 22 to 87 years with a mean age of 60.08 ± 13.55 years. Maximum number of patients belonged to the age group 70 -79 years (25.64%). Out of 78 cases, 53 (67.95%) were males and 25 (32.05%) were females. There was a male predominance with a male to female ratio of 2.12:1. According to Laurens’s classification, 55.13% of cases were of intestinal type of gastric adenocarcinoma. HER2 positivity was seen in 26.92% (21 cases), 13 cases (16.67%) were equivocal and 44 cases (56.41%) were negative (Figure 1). HER2 did not show significant correlation with age and sex of patients (Table 2 ).
The commonest location of gastric adenocarcinoma in the present study was distal stomach (73.08%) followed by proximal stomach (19.23%) and gastroesophageal junction (7.69%). HER2 positivity was more in tumor located in proximal stomach (46.67%). Tumor located in distal stomach showed least percentage of HER2 positivity (21.05%) (Table 2). There was a significant correlation (p value = 0.01) of HER2 with Lauren’s intestinal type (Table 3). Maximum no. of cases showing HER2 positivity belonged to grade I (42.31%). There was a statistically significant correlation between tumor grade and HER2 positivity (Table 4). There was no significant correlation of HER2 expression with H.pylori positivity (Table 5, Table 6).
Figure 1
HER2/neu expression in gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 78), HER2/neu positive (score 3+ = 26.92%)
Table 1
IHC Scoring criteria of HER2/neu overexpression in gastric adenocarcinoma9
Table 2
Correlation between age, sex & location of adenocarcinoma with HER2 expression (n = 78)
Table 3
Correlation between Histologic type of adenocarcinoma and HER2 expression
| Type | Total number of cases | HER2 negative n % | HER2 positive n % | X2 | P value |
| Intestinal | 43 | 26 (60.47) | 17 (39.53) | 6.38 | 0.01 |
| Diffuse | 35 | 31 (88.57) | 04 (11.43) |
Table 4
Correlation between histologic grade of adenocarcinoma and HER2 expression
| Grade | Total no. of cases | HER2 negative n % | HER2 positive n % | X2 | P value |
| Grade I | 26 | 15 (57.69) | 11 (42.31) | 6.25 d.f=2 | 0.04 |
| Grade II | 21 | 15 (71.43) | 06 (28.57) | ||
| Grade III | 31 | 27 (87.10) | 04 (12.90) |
Table 5
Helicobacter pylori positivity in gastric adenocarcinoma
| H.pylori | Total number of cases | Percentage (%) |
| Positive | 19 | 24.36 |
| Negative | 59 | 75.64 |
Table 6
Correlation between H.pylori positivity in adenocarcinoma and HER2 expression
| H.pylori | Total no. of cases | HER2 negative n % | HER2 positive n % | X2 | P value |
| Positive | 19 | 13 (68.42) | 06 (31.58) | 0.05 d.f =1 | 0.82 |
| Negative | 59 | 44 (74.58) | 15 (25.42) |
Table 7
Comparison of HER2/neu positivity in present study with other studies
Out of the 78 subjects included in our study, 20 cases were gastrectomies. Separate statistical analysis was performed to find out the correlation of HER2 positivity with variables like tumor depth (T), lymph node status (N), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) and perineural invasion (PNI). As our sample size was very small, no statistically significant correlation was found between any of these variables.
Discussion
Gastric carcinoma constitutes a significant health problem worldwide with a high mortality possibly due to late stage presentation and diagnosis. HER2 is among the new markers currently used for early evaluation and treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. Slamon et al in 1987 proposed that overexpression of HER2 is seen in 20% of breast and in some ovarian and gastric carcinomas. It confers worse biological behavior and clinical aggressiveness in breast cancer.15
In our study, the age of patients ranged from 22-87 years with a mean age of 60.08 ± 13.55 years. For statistical purpose, cases were grouped into <50 years and ≥ 50 years. The expression of HER2 was higher in patients of < 50years of age. Our finding was similar with that of Nadaf et al.13
In the present study, percentage of gastric adenocarcinoma was found more in males than in females but HER2 positivity was slightly higher in females (28%) than in males (26.42%). There was no significant correlation of HER2 with age and sex of patients. Nadaf et al found that adenocarcinoma was more common in male but HER2 positivity were more in males than in females, which was non concordant with our study.13
In our study, most common location of adenocarcinomas were in distal stomach (73.08%).However, it was found that HER2 positivity was more in tumors located in proximal stomach. Statistical analysis showed no significant correlation between location of tumor and HER2 positivity. Nadaf et al also divided their cases according to location as GEJ, proximal and distal stomach but HER2 positivity was more in tumor located in GEJ.13
Lauren’s intestinal type was the more common histologic type of adenocarcinomas (55.13%) in the present study. HER2 positivity was also more in intestinal type (39.53%). Considering grades of tumor HER2 positivity was more in grade I (42.31%). There was significant correlation between HER2 and histologic grade (p value= 0.04) and histologic type (p value= 0.01). Raziee et al studied HER2 expression in gastric carcinomas cases and their study was similar to our finding (Table 7).10
Ghosh et al in a similar study found that HER2 overexpression was associated with poorly differentiated carcinoma (p=0.0159) and intestinal type of gastric cancer (p= 0.0245). Their study showed concordance with our study with reference to histologic type but not with histologic grade.12 Abdel Salam et al found HER2 positivity more in intestinal type and in grade I tumor.14 They got statistical correlation between HER2 expression and Lauren intestinal type which was similar with our study.
Hence the role of HER2 overexpression as good or bad prognostic factor still remains controversial and more studies with a large sample size are required to establish its role in gastric adenocarcinoma.
In present study H.pylori was positive in 24.36% of cases of adenocarcinomas. HER2 positivity was 31.58% in H.pylori positive cases and 25.42% in H.pylori negative cases. There was no significant correlation between HER2 expression and presence of H.pylori (Table 6). Ghosh et al12 found that only 2 out of 12 cases of HER2 positivity were positive for H.pylori and there was no significant correlation. Their study was similar with our study. Sreeram et al16 found that HER2 expression had a negative correlation with density of H.pylori colonization and was statistically significant (p value= 0.020). Our finding was non concordant with their study.
Table 7 shows the comparison of our study with other studies.
In the present study, the percentage of HER2 positivity in gastric adenocarcinoma by immunohistochemistry could have been higher if the score of 2+ (equivocal) could have been confirmed by FISH/CISH. The equivocal staining score of 2+ has been considered as negative in our study.
Conclusion
HER2 overexpression in the present scenario is mostly utilised in different types of cancer for targeted therapy. It is no more used as a prognostic factor as previously thought. Nowadays trastuzumab therapy is added in gastric carcinoma case with HER2 positivity. In the present study HER2 was found to be associated with Lauren intestinal type and well differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. H.pylori though present in some of gastric carcinoma cases with HER2 positivity had no statistical significance. Therefore this study of HER2 in gastric carcinoma will be helpful in the treatment of patients than in deciding the prognostic significance.
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