Introduction
Adenomatoid tumor is a benign tumor of mesothelial cells characterised microscopically by numerous gland-like spaces, tubules or cords lined by benign epithelial cells. The stroma consists of fibrous tissue and may contain smooth muscle. At the periphery the tumour shows lymphoid infiltrate. In some cases, smooth muscle component is more than adenomatoid component and mimic leiomyoma. The adenomatoid tumors with predominance of smooth muscle component are termed as Leiomyo-adenomatoid (LMAT) tumor.1, 2 Out of fifteen reported cases of Leiomyo-adenomatoid (LMAT) tumor; twelve are uterine and three are from epididymis. Leiomyoadenomatoid tumour having signet ring like epithelial cells and lymphoid infiltrate may sometimes mimic adenocarcinoma with desmoplasia. We are reporting this case of Leiomyo-adenomatoid (LMAT) tumor of testicular tunica in an adult male to recognize this rare entity.
Case History
A 58 year old male presented with progressively increasing painless swelling of the left scrotum for 6 months. There was no history of trauma. His past and personal history was insignificant. On local examination scrotum was enlarged with slightly irregular left testis at the lower pole. There was no palpable varicocele or hernial sac. The contralateral testis was normal. Routine laboratory tests including complete blood count, blood biochemistry, serum α-fetoprotein, placental alkaline phosphatase, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin levels were within normal limits. Left orchidectomy was performed.
Grossly, the left orchidectomy specimen measured 5.5 x 3.5 cm. Cut section showed a well circumscribed non-encapsulated, firm, homogenous grey white mass measuring 3.5 x 3.cms [Figure 1]. Surrounding testicular parenchyma was unremarkable. The spermatic cord and the epididymis appeared uninvolved.
Figure 1
Gross: Well encapsulated homogeneous grey white tumor (marked with red arrow) arising from tunica testis with uninvolved testis(marked with black arrow), spermatic cord, epididymis
Microscopically, a well demarcated mass separate from surrounding normal testicular tissue [Figure 2] was seen.
Tumour showed irregular slit like and glandular spaces lined by cells with moderate eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli [Figure 3].
No increased mitotic activity, pleomorphism or nuclear hyperchromatism was seen. Stroma was composed of spindle cells predominantly [Figure 4].
Spindle cells were positive for smooth muscle actin on immunohistochemistry [Figure 5].
Tumor at periphery showed lymphoid aggregates [Figure 6].
The testis, spermatic cord and epididymis were unremarkable on microscopy.
The diagnosis of Leiomyoadenomatoid tumour (LMAT) arising from tunica of testis was confirmed based on the presence of predominant smooth muscles in an adenomatoid tumor.
After two years post-surgery follow up, patient is asymptomatic and there is no evidence of recurrence.
Table 1
Details of Uterine LMAT reported till date
Table 2
Details of LMAT in male genital tract.
Discussion
An adenomatoid tumor on microscopy comprises of two major elements, epithelial cells and fibrous stroma. The epithelial-like cells are arranged in a network of tubules, cords, channels and microcystic spaces. The lining cells have bright eosinophilic cytoplasm, small round-oval nuclei and do not show any pleomorphism or atypical mitoses. The cells sometimes show vacuolated cytoplasm and resemble signet ring cells. The fibrous stroma may be hyalinised and may contain smooth muscle. Stroma at periphery shows lymphocytic infiltrate.
The majority of adenomatoid tumors are readily diagnosed based on location and characteristic microscopic features. Presence of smooth muscle with lymphocytic infiltrate and signet ring cells may lead to misdiagnosis. The differential diagnosis includes metastatic carcinoma, malignant mesothelioma, histocytoid haemangioma and large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumour with cord like pattern. Lack of pleomorphism, atypia, mitosis, absence of epithelial mucin, CEA negativity, low Ki-67 proliferation index and positive calretinin and HBME-1 mesothelial markers are findings in favor of adenomatoid tumor.
The spindle cell stroma, which is usually sparse and fibroblastic, may be more cellular and show myoid features, mimicking leiomyoma or adenomyoma. Some degree of smooth muscle cell hyperplasia can be seen in association with Adenomatoid tumor (AT) of the uterus and has been interpreted as a reactive phenomenon, whereas extrauterine forms frequently contain intermingled fibroblastic tissue. The term “Leiomyoadenomatoid tumor” was first described by Epstein in 1992 as a variant of adenomatoid tumor with a prominent smooth muscle component.1
The most commonly accepted origin of ATs is the surface mesothelium, mesothelial inclusions or displaced mesothelial tissue (which explains the occurrence of ATs at extragenital sites). Other possible origins of these tumors include the coelomic epithelium and pluripotent mesenchymal cells that have the potential to differentiate into submesothelial spindled cells and mesothelial cells.
The histogenesis of leiomyoadenomatoid tumors is also a subject to debate. Some authors support the hypothesis that this rare entity should be considered as a subtype of adenomatoid tumors, some think that it represents a collision neoplasia, and others think that it is the result of a common adenomatoid tumor associated to a reactive smooth muscle hyperplasia.2
Twelve cases of LMAT uterus have been reported in the literature [Table 1].2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 After extensive literature search we could find only three cases of epididymal LMAT [Table 2].12, 13, 14
Cases with leiomyoadenomatoid tumor reported in male genital tract are very rare. Kausch12 has reported first case of leiomyoadenomatoid tumor localized in epididymis in 2002 and later only two cases LMAT of epididymis were reported; one by Canpolat13 and another by A. Cazorla.14
Adenomatoid tumors can be seen in all ages but are more commonly seen in third and fourth decades of life. In most of the cases they present as painless, firm, intrascrotal mass of less than 2 cm diameter. Out of three Leiomyoadenomatoid tumors of epididymis reported in literature, one was seen in sixth and other in seventh decade while one was seen in 5th decade of life. In our case, the patient was 58 year old and presented with painful left scrotal swelling.
All three cases of epididymal LMATS reported in literature affected right side of the testis with sizes ranging from 2 cm to 3.5 cm. One of the tumors showed large areas of necrosis. LMAT in present case was seen from left tunica testis. The tumor in our case was 3.5 cm in size and did not show any areas of haemorrhage or necrosis.
No recurrence or malignant transformation has ever been reported in adenomatoid tumors.10
Two years clinical follow up in our case was uneventful.
Conclusion
LMAT of the female genital tract is comparatively common; however it is very rare in male genital tract. Only three cases of LMAT of epididymis are reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case of LMAT of testicular tunica reported in Indian and Western literature. This variant of adenomatoid tumor should be kept in mind to avoid misdiagnosis as a malignant tumor and unnecessary extensive surgery.
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